FTP(1) NetBSD Reference Manual FTP(1)
NAME
ftp - ARPANET file transfer program
SYNOPSIS
ftp [-A] [-a] [-d] [-e] [-g] [-i] [-n] [-p] [-P port] [-r seconds] [-t] [-v] [-V] [host [port]] ftp [-o output] ftp://[user:password@]host[:port]/file[/] ftp [-o output] http://host[:port]/file ftp [-o output] file:///file ftp [-o output] host:[/path/]file[/]
DESCRIPTION
ftp is the user interface to the ARPANET standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. The last four usage formats will fetch a file using the http or ftp pro- tocols, or by direct copying, into the current directory. This is ideal for scripts. Refer to AUTO-FETCHING FILES below for more information. Options may be specified at the command line, or to the command inter- preter. -A Force active mode ftp. By default, ftp will try to use passive mode ftp and fall back to active mode if passive is not support- ed by the server. This option causes ftp to always use an ac- tive connection. It is only useful for connecting to very old servers that do not implement passive mode properly. -a Causes ftp to bypass normal login procedure, and use an anony- mous login instead. -d Enables debugging. -e Disables command line editing. This is useful for Emacs ange- ftp mode. -g Disables file name globbing. -i Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. -n Restrains ftp from attempting ``auto-login'' upon initial con- nection. If auto-login is enabled, ftp will check the .netrc (see below) file in the user's home directory for an entry de- scribing an account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, ftp will prompt for the remote machine login name (default is the user identity on the local machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an account with which to login. -o output When auto-fetching files, save the contents in output. output is parsed according to the FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS below. If output is not `-' or doesn't start with `|', then only the first file specified will be retrieved into output; all other files will be retrieved into the basename of their remote name. -p Enable passive mode operation for use behind connection filter- ing firewalls. This option has been deprecated as ftp now tries to use passive mode by default, falling back to active mode if the server does not support passive connections. -P port Sets the port number to port. -r wait Retry the connection attempt if it failed, pausing for wait sec- onds. -t Enables packet tracing. -v Enable verbose mode. This is the default if input is from a terminal. Forces ftp to show all responses from the remote server, as well as report on data transfer statistics. -V Disable verbose mode, overriding the default of enabled when in- put is from a terminal. The client host with which ftp is to communicate may be specified on the command line. If this is done, ftp will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, ftp will enter its command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When ftp is awaiting commands from the user the prompt `ftp>' is provided to the us- er. The following commands are recognized by ftp: ! [command [args]] Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine. If there are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments. $ macro-name [args] Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed. account [passwd] Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode. append local-file [remote-file] Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used in naming the remote file after being altered by any ntrans or nmap setting. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure. ascii Set the file transfer type to network ASCII. This is the de- fault type. bell Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer com- mand is completed. binary Set the file transfer type to support binary image transfer. bye Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit ftp. An end of file will also terminate the session and exit. case Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during mget commands. When case is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in upper case are written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lower case. cd remote-directory Change the working directory on the remote machine to remote- directory. cdup Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the current remote machine working directory. chmod mode file-name Change the permission modes of the file file-name on the re- mote system to mode. close Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased. cr Toggle carriage return stripping during ascii type file re- trieval. Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed sequence during ascii type file transfer. When cr is on (the default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to conform with the UNIX single linefeed record delimiter. Records on non-Ux remote systems may contain single line- feeds; when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds may be distinguished from a record delimiter only when cr is off. delete remote-file Delete the file remote-file on the remote machine. debug [debug-value] Toggle debugging mode. If an optional debug-value is speci- fied it is used to set the debugging level. When debugging is on, ftp prints each command sent to the remote machine, preceded by the string `-->' dir [remote-directory [local-file]] Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote machine. The listing includes any system-dependent informa- tion that the server chooses to include; for example, most UNIX systems will produce output from the command `ls -l'. (See also ls.) If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argu- ment is indeed the target local file for receiving dir out- put. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is `-', the output is sent to the terminal. disconnect A synonym for close. edit Toggle command line editing, and context sensitive command and file completion. This is automatically enabled if input is from a terminal, and disabled otherwise. exit A synonym for bye. ftp host [port] A synonym for open. form format Set the file transfer form to format. The default format is ``file''. get remote-file [local-file] Retrieve the remote-file and store it on the local machine. If the local file name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine, subject to alteration by the current case, ntrans, and nmap settings. The current settings for type, form, mode, and structure are used while transferring the file. gate [host [port]] Toggle gate-ftp mode. This will not be permitted if the gate-ftp server hasn't been set (either explicitly by the us- er, or from the FTPSERVER environment variable). If host is given, then gate-ftp mode will be enabled, and the gate-ftp server will be set to host. If port is also given, that will be used as the port to connect to on the gate-ftp server. glob Toggle filename expansion for mdelete, mget and mput. If globbing is turned off with glob, the file name arguments are taken literally and not expanded. Globbing for mput is done as in csh(1). For mdelete and mget, each remote file name is expanded separately on the remote machine and the lists are not merged. Expansion of a directory name is likely to be different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server, and can be previewed by doing `mls remote-files -' Note: mget and mput are not meant to transfer entire directo- ry subtrees of files. That can be done by transferring a tar(1) archive of the subtree (in binary mode). hash [size] Toggle hash-sign (``#'') printing for each data block trans- ferred. The size of a data block defaults to 1024 bytes. This can be changed by specifying size in bytes. Enabling hash disables progress. help [command] Print an informative message about the meaning of command. If no argument is given, ftp prints a list of the known com- mands. idle [seconds] Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to seconds sec- onds. If seconds is omitted, the current inactivity timer is printed. lcd [directory] Change the working directory on the local machine. If no directory is specified, the user's home directory is used. less file A synonym for page. lpwd Print the working directory on the local machine. ls [remote-directory [local-file]] Print a list of the files in a directory on the remote ma- chine. If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving ls output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output is sent to the terminal. macdef macro-name Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro macro-name; a null line (consecutive newline characters in a file or carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined un- til a close command is executed. The macro processor inter- prets `$' and `\' as special characters. A `$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line. A `$' followed by an `i' signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass `$i' is replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line, on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on. A `\' followed by any character is replaced by that charac- ter. Use the `\' to prevent special treatment of the `$'. mdelete [remote-files] Delete the remote-files on the remote machine. mdir remote-files local-file Like dir, except multiple remote files may be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to ver- ify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mdir output. mget remote-files Expand the remote-files on the remote machine and do a get for each file name thus produced. See glob for details on the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings. Files are transferred into the local working directory, which can be changed with `lcd directory'; new local directories can be created with `! mkdir directory'. mkdir directory-name Make a directory on the remote machine. mls remote-files local-file Like ls, except multiple remote files may be specified, and the local-file must be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argu- ment is indeed the target local file for receiving mls out- put. mode [mode-name] Set the file transfer mode to mode-name. The default mode is ``stream'' mode. modtime file-name Show the last modification time of the file on the remote ma- chine. more file A synonym for page. mput local-files Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as argu- ments and do a put for each file in the resulting list. See glob for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings. msend local-files A synonym for mput. newer file-name Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more recent that the file on the current system. If the file does not exist on the current system, the remote file is considered newer. Otherwise, this command is identical to get. nlist [remote-directory [local-file]] A synonym for ls. nmap [inpattern outpattern] Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified re- mote target filename. If arguments are specified, local filenames are mapped during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. This com- mand is useful when connecting to a non-Ux remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. The mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern and outpattern. [Inpattern] is a template for incoming filenames (which may have already been processed according to the ntrans and case settings). Variable templating is accomplished by including the sequences `$1', `$2', ..., `$9' in inpattern. Use `\' to prevent this special treatment of the `$' character. All other characters are treated literally, and are used to de- termine the nmap [inpattern] variable values. For example, given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data", $1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value "data". The outpattern determines the resulting mapped file- name. The sequences `$1', `$2', ...., `$9' are replaced by any value resulting from the inpattern template. The se- quence `$0' is replace by the original filename. Additional- ly, the sequence `[seq1, seq2]' is replaced by [seq1] if seq1 is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by seq2. For example, the command nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file] would yield the output filename "myfile.data" for input file- names "myfile.data" and "myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input filename "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for the in- put filename ".myfile". Spaces may be included in outpattern, as in the example: `nmap $1 sed "s/ *$//" > $1' . Use the `\' character to prevent special treatment of the `$','[',']', and `,' characters. ntrans [inchars [outchars]] Set or unset the filename character translation mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename character trans- lation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, char- acters in remote filenames are translated during mput com- mands and put commands issued without a specified remote tar- get filename. If arguments are specified, characters in lo- cal filenames are translated during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-Ux remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. Characters in a filename matching a character in inchars are replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If the character's position in inchars is longer than the length of outchars, the character is deleted from the file name. open host [port] Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An optional port number may be supplied, in which case, ftp will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the auto- login option is on (default), ftp will also attempt to auto- matically log the user in to the FTP server (see below). page file Retrieve file and display with the program defined in PAGER (which defaults to less(1)). passive Toggle passive mode. If passive mode is turned on (default is off), the ftp client will send a PASV command for all data connections instead of the usual PORT command. The PASV com- mand requests that the remote server open a port for the data connection and return the address of that port. The remote server listens on that port and the client connects to it. When using the more traditional PORT command, the client lis- tens on a port and sends that address to the remote server, who connects back to it. Passive mode is useful when using ftp through a gateway router or host that controls the direc- tionality of traffic. (Note that though ftp servers are re- quired to support the PASV command by RFC 1123, some do not.) preserve Toggle preservation of modification times on retrieved files. progress Toggle display of transfer progress bar. The progress bar will be disabled for a transfer that has local-file as `-' or a command that starts with `|'. Refer to FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS for more information. Enabling progress disables hash. prompt Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selec- tively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off (default is on), any mget or mput will transfer all files, and any mdelete will delete all files. When prompting is on, the following commands are available at a prompt: n Do not transfer the file. a Answer `yes' to the current file, and automatically answer `yes' to any remaining files for the current command. p Answer `yes' to the current file, and turn off prompt mode (as is ``prompt off'' had been given). Any other reponse will answer `yes' to the current file. proxy ftp-command Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connection. This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote ftp servers for transferring files between the two servers. The first proxy command should be an open, to establish the sec- ondary control connection. Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other ftp commands executable on the secondary connec- tion. The following commands behave differently when pref- aced by proxy: open will not define new macros during the au- to-login process, close will not erase existing macro defini- tions, get and mget transfer files from the host on the pri- mary control connection to the host on the secondary control connection, and put, mput, and append transfer files from the host on the secondary control connection to the host on the primary control connection. Third party file transfers de- pend upon support of the ftp protocol PASV command by the server on the secondary control connection. put local-file [remote-file] Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used after process- ing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure. pwd Print the name of the current working directory on the remote machine. quit A synonym for bye. quote arg1 arg2 ... The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server. recv remote-file [local-file] A synonym for get. reget remote-file [local-file] Reget acts like get, except that if local-file exists and is smaller than remote-file, local-file is presumed to be a par- tially transferred copy of remote-file and the transfer is continued from the apparent point of failure. This command is useful when transferring very large files over networks that are prone to dropping connections. remotehelp [command-name] Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name is specified it is supplied to the server as well. rstatus [file-name] With no arguments, show status of remote machine. If file- name is specified, show status of file-name on remote ma- chine. rename [from [to]] Rename the file from on the remote machine, to the file to. reset Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/re- ply sequencing with the remote ftp server. Resynchronization may be necessary following a violation of the ftp protocol by the remote server. restart marker Restart the immediately following get or put at the indicated marker. On UNIX systems, marker is usually a byte offset into the file. rmdir directory-name Delete a directory on the remote machine. runique Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique file- names. If a file already exists with a name equal to the target local filename for a get or mget command, a ".1" is appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a ".2" is appended to the original name. If this process continues up to ".99", an error message is printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique filename will be reported. Note that runique will not affect local files generated from a shell command (see be- low). The default value is off. send local-file [remote-file] A synonym for put. sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp will at- tempt to use a PORT command when establishing a connection for each data transfer. The use of PORT commands can prevent delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, ftp will use the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for certain FTP implementations which do ignore PORT commands but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted. site arg1 arg2 ... The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server as a SITE command. size file-name Return size of file-name on remote machine. status Show the current status of ftp. struct [struct-name] Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. By default ``stream'' structure is used. sunique Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names. Remote ftp server must support ftp protocol STOU com- mand for successful completion. The remote server will re- port unique name. Default value is off. system Show the type of operating system running on the remote ma- chine. tenex Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines. trace Toggle packet tracing. type [type-name] Set the file transfer type to type-name. If no type is speci- fied, the current type is printed. The default type is net- work ASCII. umask [newmask] Set the default umask on the remote server to newmask. If newmask is omitted, the current umask is printed. user user-name [password [account]] Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password is not specified and the server requires it, ftp will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an account field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted for it. If an account field is speci- fied, an account command will be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for logging in. Unless ftp is invoked with ``auto-login'' disabled, this process is done automati- cally on initial connection to the FTP server. verbose Toggle verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP server are displayed to the user. In addition, if ver- bose is on, when a file transfer completes, statistics re- garding the efficiency of the transfer are reported. By de- fault, verbose is on. ? [command] A synonym for help. Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote `"' marks. Commands which toggle settings can take an explicit on or off argument to force the setting appropriately. If ftp receives a SIGINFO (see the ``status'' argument of stty(1)) sig- nal whilst a transfer is in progress, the current transfer rate statis- tics will be written to the standard error output, in the same format as the standard completion message.
AUTO-FETCHING FILES
In addition to standard commands, this version of ftp supports an auto- fetch feature. To enable auto-fetch, simply pass the list of host- names/files on the command line. The following formats are valid syntax for an auto-fetch element: host:/file ``Classic'' ftp format ftp://[user:password@]host[:port]/file An ftp URL, retrieved using the ftp protocol if ftp_proxy isn't defined. Otherwise, transfer using http via the proxy defined in ftp_proxy. If user:password@ is given and ftp_proxy isn't defined, login as user with a password of password. http://host[:port]/file An HTTP URL, retrieved using the http protocol. If http_proxy is defined, it is used as a URL to an HTTP proxy server. file:///file A local URL, copied from /file. If a classic format or a ftp URL format has a trailing `/', then ftp will connect to the site and cd to the directory given as the path, and leave the user in interactive mode ready for further input. If successive auto-fetch ftp elements refer to the same host, then the connection is maintained between transfers, reducing overhead on connec- tion creation and deletion. If file contains a glob character and globbing is enabled, (see glob), then the equivalent of mget file is performed. If the directory component of file contains no globbing characters, it is stored in the current directory as the basename(1) of file. Otherwise, the remote name is used as the local name.
ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER
To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually Ctrl- C). Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending a ftp protocol ABOR command to the remote serv- er, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR process- ing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR command, an `ftp>' prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the requested file. The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when ftp has complet- ed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server. A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including viola- tions of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unexpected remote server behavior, the local ftp program must be killed by hand.
FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS
Files specified as arguments to ftp commands are processed according to the following rules. 1. If the file name `-' is specified, the stdin (for reading) or stdout (for writing) is used. 2. If the first character of the file name is `|', the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. ftp then forks a shell, using popen(3) with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from the stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argu- ment must be quoted; e.g. ``" ls -lt"''. A particularly useful ex- ample of this mechanism is: ``dir |more''. 3. Failing the above checks, if ``globbing'' is enabled, local file names are expanded according to the rules used in the csh(1); c.f. the glob command. If the ftp command expects a single local file (.e.g. put), only the first filename generated by the "globbing" operation is used. 4. For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is the remote filename, which may be al- tered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then be altered if runique is on. 5. For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote filename is the local filename, which may be al- tered by a ntrans or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then be altered by the remote server if sunique is on.
FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS
The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may affect a file transfer. The type may be one of ``ascii'', ``image'' (binary), ``ebcdic'', and ``local byte size'' (for PDP-10's and PDP-20's mostly). ftp supports the ascii and image types of file transfer, plus local byte size 8 for tenex mode transfers. ftp supports only the default values for the remaining file transfer pa- rameters: mode, form, and struct. THE .netrc FILE The .netrc file contains login and initialization information used by the auto-login process. It resides in the user's home directory. The fol- lowing tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces, tabs, or new-lines: machine name Identify a remote machine name. The auto-login process searches the .netrc file for a machine token that matches the remote ma- chine specified on the ftp command line or as an open command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .netrc tokens are processed, stopping when the end of file is reached or an- other machine or a default token is encountered. default This is the same as machine name except that default matches any name. There can be only one default token, and it must be after all machine tokens. This is normally used as: default login anonymous password user@site thereby giving the user automatic anonymous ftp login to ma- chines not specified in .netrc. This can be overridden by using the -n flag to disable auto-login. login name Identify a user on the remote machine. If this token is pre- sent, the auto-login process will initiate a login using the specified name. password string Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. Note that if this token is present in the .netrc file for any user other than anonymous, ftp will abort the auto-login process if the .netrc is readable by anyone besides the user. account string Supply an additional account password. If this token is pre- sent, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires an additional account password, or the auto-login process will initiate an ACCT command if it does not. macdef name Define a macro. This token functions like the ftp macdef com- mand functions. A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next .netrc line and continue until a null line (consecutive new-line characters) is encountered. If a macro named init is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process.
COMMAND LINE EDITING
ftp supports interactive command line editing, via the editline(3) li- brary. It is enabled with the edit command, and is enabled by default if input is from a tty. Previous lines can be recalled and edited with the arrow keys, and other GNU Emacs-style editing keys may be used as well. The editline(3) library is configured with a .editrc file - refer to editrc(5) for more information. An extra key binding is available to ftp to provide context sensitive command and filename completion (including remote file completion). To use this, bind a key to the editline(3) command ftp-complete. By default, this is bound to the TAB key.
ENVIRONMENT
ftp uses the following environment variables. FTPANONPASS Password to send in an anonymous ftp transfer. Defaults to ```whoami`@''. FTPMODE Overrides the default operation mode. Support values are: active active mode ftp only auto automatic determination of passive or active (this is the default) gate gate-ftp mode passive passive mode ftp only FTPSERVER Host to use as gate-ftp server when gate is enabled. FTPSERVERPORT Port to use when connecting to gate-ftp server when gate is enabled. Default is port returned by a getservbyname() lookup of ``ftpgate/tcp''. HOME For default location of a .netrc file, if one exists. PAGER Used by page to display files. SHELL For default shell. ftp_proxy URL of FTP proxy to use when making FTP URL requests (if not defined, use the standard ftp protocol). http_proxy URL of HTTP proxy to use when making HTTP URL requests. no_proxy A space or comma separated list of hosts (or domains) for which proxying is not to be used. Each entry may have an optional trailing ":port", which restricts the matching to connections to that port.
SEE ALSO
getservbyname(3), editrc(5), services(5), ftpd(8)
HISTORY
The ftp command appeared in 4.2BSD. Various features such as command line editing, context sensitive command and file completion, dynamic progress bar, automatic fetching of files and URLs, and modification time preservation were implemented in NetBSD 1.3 by Luke Mewburn, with assistance from Jason Thorpe.
BUGS
Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server. An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2BSD ascii-mode transfer code has been corrected. This correction may result in incor- rect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2BSD servers using the ascii type. Avoid this problem by using the binary image type. 4.2 Berkeley Distribution August 2, 1998 13
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