SWAPCTL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual SWAPCTL(8)
NAME
swapctl, swapon -- system swap management tool
SYNOPSIS
swapctl -A [-f | -o] [-n] [-p priority] [-t blk|noblk|auto] swapctl -D dumpdev|none swapctl -U [-n] [-t blk|noblk|auto] swapctl -a [-p priority] path swapctl -c -p priority path swapctl -d path swapctl -l | -s [-k | -m | -g | -h] swapctl -q swapctl -z swapon -a [-t blk|noblk] swapon path
DESCRIPTION
The swapctl program adds, removes, lists, and prioritizes swap devices and files for the system. The swapon program acts the same as the swapctl program as if called with the -a option, except if swapon itself is called with -a in which case swapon acts as swapctl with the -A option. The following options are available: -A This option causes swapctl to read the /etc/fstab file for devices and files with a ``sw'' or ``dp'' type, and adds all ``sw'' type entries as swap devices and sets the last ``dp'' type entry as the dump device. If no swap devices are configured, swapctl will exit with an error code. If used together with -t auto this option will not read /etc/fstab but query the kernel for all swap partitions on local hard disks. -a The -a option requires that a path also be in the argument list. The path is added to the kernel's list of swap devices using the swapctl(2) system call. When using the swapon form of this com- mand, the -a option is treated the same as the -A option, for backwards compatibility. -c The -c option changes the priority of the listed swap device or file. -D The -D option requires that a dumpdev also be in the argument list. The kernel dump device is set to dumpdev. The word ``none'' can be used instead of a dumpdev to disable the cur- rently set dump device. This change is made via the swapctl(2) system call. The dump device is used when the system crashes to write a current snapshot of real memory, to be saved later with savecore(8) at system reboot, and analyzed to determine the prob- lem. -d The -d option removes the listed path from the kernel's list of swap devices or files. -f Used in combination with the -A command and -t auto flag this option makes swapctl use the first discovered swap device to also become the dump device. The -f option is mutually exclusive with the -o option. -g The -g option uses (1024 * 1024 * 1024) byte blocks instead of the default 512 byte. -h The -h option uses humanize_number(3) to display the sizes. -k The -k option uses 1024 byte blocks instead of the default 512 byte. -l The -l option lists the current swap devices and files, and their usage statistics. -m The -m option uses (1024 * 1024) byte blocks instead of the default 512 byte. -n Used with the -A or -U command, the -n option makes swapctl print the action it would take, but not actually change any swap or dump devices. -o Similar to the -f flag, this ``Dump Only'' option makes swapctl find the first swap device and configure it as dump device. No swap device is changed. This option needs to be used in combina- tion with -A -t auto and is mutually exclusive with -f. -p The -p option sets the priority of swap devices or files to the priority argument. This works with the -a, -c, and -l options. -q Query /etc/fstab, checking for any defined swap or dump devices. If any are found, swapctl returns with an exit status of 0, if none are found the exit status will be 1. -s The -s option displays a single line summary of current swap sta- tistics. -t This flag modifies the function of the -A and -U options. The -t option allows the type of device to add to be specified. An argument of blk causes all block devices in /etc/fstab to be added. An argument of noblk causes all non-block devices in /etc/fstab to be added. An argument of auto causes all swap par- titions on local hard disks to be used. This option is useful in early system startup, where swapping may be needed before all file systems are available, such as during disk checks of large file systems. -U This option causes swapctl to read the /etc/fstab file for devices and files with a ``sw'' type, and remove all these entries as swap devices. If no swap devices are unconfigured, swapctl will exit with an error code. If used together with -t auto this option will not read /etc/fstab but unconfigure all local swap partitions. -z The -z option displays the current dump device.
SWAP PRIORITY
The NetBSD swap system allows different swap devices and files to be assigned different priorities, to allow the faster resources to be used first. Swap devices at the same priority are used in a round-robin fash- ion until there is no more space available at this priority, when the next priority level will be used. The default priority is 0, the high- est. This value can be any valid integer, with higher values receiving less priority.
SWAP OPTIONS
When parsing the /etc/fstab file for swap devices, the following options are recognized: priority=N This option sets the priority of the specified swap device to N. nfsmntpt=/path This option is useful for swapping to NFS files. It specifies the local mount point to mount an NFS filesys- tem. The mount point must exist as a directory. Typi- cally, once this mount has succeeded, the file to be used for swapping on will be available under this point mount. For example: server:/export/swap/client none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap
EXIT STATUS
If the requested operation was successful, the swapctl utility exits with status 0. If an error occurred, the exit status is 1. The -A and -U operations (add or remove swap devices listed in fstab(5)) return an exit status of 2 to report that no suitable swap devices were found. The -z operation (query dump device) and -l (list swap partitions) return an exit status of 1 if no dump device or swap partition has been config- ured. If any swap partition is available or a dump device is set, the respective query returns 0.
SEE ALSO
swapctl(2), fstab(5), mount_nfs(8)
HISTORY
The swapctl program was first made available in NetBSD 1.3. The original swapon program, provided for backwards compatibility, appeared in 4.0BSD.
AUTHORS
The swapctl program was written by Matthew R. Green <mrg@eterna.com.au>.
CAVEATS
Using the automatic swap partition detection done by the -A -t auto option may be dangereous. Depending on the on-disk partitioning scheme used, the type of a partition may not be accurately recognizable as a swap partition. The autodetection might recognize and use partitions on removable media like USB sticks. An easy way to test the autoconfigura- tion is to use swapctl with the -n option.
BUGS
If no swap information is specified in /etc/fstab, the system startup scripts (see rc(8)) will configure no swap space and your machine will behave very badly if (more likely when) it runs out of real memory. Local and remote swap files cannot be configured until after the file systems they reside on are mounted read/write. The system startup scripts need to fsck(8) all local file systems before this can happen. This process requires substantial amounts of memory on some systems. If you configure no local block swap devices on a machine that has local file systems to check and rely only on swap files, the machine will have no swap space at all during system fsck(8) and may run out of real mem- ory, causing fsck to abnormally exit and startup scripts to fail. NetBSD 7.1.1 June 1, 2011 NetBSD 7.1.1
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