LD.AOUT_SO(1) NetBSD General Commands Manual LD.AOUT_SO(1)
NAME
ld.so -- run-time link-editor
DESCRIPTION
ld.so is a self-contained, position independent program image providing run-time support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process' address space. It uses the data structures (see link(5)) con- tained within dynamically linked programs to determine which shared libraries are needed and loads them at a convenient virtual address using the mmap(2) system call. After all shared libraries have been successfully loaded, ld.so proceeds to resolve external references from both the main program and all objects loaded. A mechanism is provided for initialization routines to be called, on a per-object basis, giving a shared object an opportunity to perform any extra set-up, before execution of the program proper begins. ld.so looks for a symbol named .init in each object's symbol table. If present, this symbol is assumed to represent a C-function declared as void .init(void), which is then called. Similarly, a void .fini(void) function is called just before an object is unloaded from the process address space as a result of calling dlclose(3). Note that while an object's .init is always called, whether the object is loaded automati- cally at program startup or programmatically by using dlopen(3), the .fini function is called only on `last dlclose(3)'. This mechanism is exploited by the system-supplied C++ constructor ini- tialization code located in /usr/lib/c++rt.o. This file should be included in the list of object-code files passed to ld(1) when building a shared C++ library. ld.so is itself a shared object that is initially loaded by the startup module crt0. Since a.out(5) formats do not provide easy access to the file header from within a running process, crt0 uses the special symbol _DYNAMIC to determine whether a program is in fact dynamically linked or not. Whenever the linker ld(1) has relocated this symbol to a location other than 0, crt0 assumes the services of ld.so are needed (see link(5) for details). crt0 passes control to rtld's entry point before the pro- gram's main() routine is called. Thus, ld.so can complete the link-edit- ing process before the dynamic program calls upon services of any dynamic library. To quickly locate the required shared objects in the filesystem, ld.so may use a ``hints'' file, prepared by the ldconfig(8) utility, in which the full path specification of the shared objects can be looked up by hashing on the 3-tuple <library-name, major-version-number, minor- version-number>. ld.so recognizes a number of environment variables that can be used to modify its behavior as follows: LD_LIBRARY_PATH A colon separated list of directories, overrid- ing the default search path for shared libraries. LD_PRELOAD A colon separated list of shared object file- names to be loaded after the main program but before its shared object dependencies. LD_WARN_NON_PURE_CODE When set, issue a warning whenever a link-edit- ing operation requires modification of the text segment of some loaded object. This is usually indicative of an incorrectly built library. LD_SUPPRESS_WARNINGS When set, no warning messages of any kind are issued. Normally, a warning is given if satis- factorily versioned library could not be found. LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS When set, causes ld.so to exit after loading the shared objects and printing a summary which includes the absolute pathnames of all objects, to standard output. LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT1 LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT2 When set, these variables are interpreted as format strings a la printf(3) to customize the trace output and are used by ldd(1)'s -f option and allows ldd(1) to be operated as a filter more conveniently. The following conversions can be used: %a The main program's name (also known as ``__progname''). %A The value of the environment variable LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_PROGNAME %o The library name. %m The library's major version number. %n The library's minor version number. %p The full pathname as determined by rtld's library search rules. %x The library's load address. Additionally, \n and \t are recognized and have their usual meaning. LD_NO_INTERN_SEARCH When set, ld.so does not process any internal search paths that were recorded in the exe- cutable. LD_NOSTD_PATH When set, do not include a set of built-in stan- dard directory paths for searching. This might be useful when running on a system with a com- pletely non-standard filesystem layout.
FILES
/var/run/ld.so.hints library location hints built by ldconfig(8)
SEE ALSO
ld(1), ld.elf_so(1), ld.so(1), link(5), ldconfig(8)
HISTORY
The shared library model employed first appeared in SunOS 4.0.
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
The environment variables LD_LIBRARY_PATH and LD_PRELOAD are not honored when executing in a set-user-ID or set-group-ID environment. This action is taken to prevent malicious substitution of shared object dependencies or interposition of symbols. NetBSD 5.0 March 24, 2000 NetBSD 5.0
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