SSH-KEYGEN(1) NetBSD General Commands Manual SSH-KEYGEN(1)
NAME
ssh-keygen -- authentication key generation, management and conversion
SYNOPSIS
ssh-keygen [-q] [-b bits] -t type [-N new_passphrase] [-C comment] [-f output_keyfile] ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile] ssh-keygen -i [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -e [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -c [-P passphrase] [-C comment] [-f keyfile] ssh-keygen -l [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -D reader ssh-keygen -U reader [-f input_keyfile] ssh-keygen -r hostname [-f input_keyfile] [-g] ssh-keygen -G output_file [-v] [-b bits] [-M memory] [-S start_point] ssh-keygen -T output_file -f input_file [-v] [-a num_trials] [-W generator]
DESCRIPTION
ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for ssh(1). ssh-keygen can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1 and RSA or DSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 2. The type of key to be generated is specified with the -t option. ssh-keygen is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman group exchange (DH-GEX). See the MODULI GENERATION section for details. Normally each user wishing to use SSH with RSA or DSA authentication runs this once to create the authentication key in $HOME/.ssh/identity, $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa or $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa. Additionally, the system admin- istrator may use this to generate host keys, as seen in /etc/rc.d/sshd. Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to store the private key. The public key is stored in a file with the same name but ``.pub'' appended. The program also asks for a passphrase. The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host keys must have an empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbitrary length. A passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of char- acters you want. Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are not simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad passphrases), and contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and non- alphanumeric characters. The passphrase can be changed later by using the -p option. There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. If the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be generated and copied to the corresponding public key to other machines. For RSA1 keys, there is also a comment field in the key file that is only for convenience to the user to help identify the key. The comment can tell what the key is for, or whatever is useful. The comment is initial- ized to ``user@host'' when the key is created, but can be changed using the -c option. After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys should be placed to be activated. The options are as follows: -a trials Specifies the number of primality tests to perform when screening DH-GEX candidates using the -T command. -b bits Specifies the number of bits in the key to create. Minimum is 512 bits. Generally, 1024 bits is considered sufficient. The default is 1024 bits. -c Requests changing the comment in the private and public key files. This operation is only supported for RSA1 keys. The pro- gram will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for the passphrase if the key has one, and for the new comment. -e This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and print the key in a `SECSH Public Key File Format' to stdout. This option allows exporting keys for use by several commercial SSH implementations. -g Use generic DNS format when printing fingerprint resource records using the -r command. -f filename Specifies the filename of the key file. -i This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file in SSH2-compatible format and print an OpenSSH compatible private (or public) key to stdout. ssh-keygen also reads the `SECSH Public Key File Format'. This option allows importing keys from several commercial SSH implementations. -l Show fingerprint of specified public key file. Private RSA1 keys are also supported. For RSA and DSA keys ssh-keygen tries to find the matching public key file and prints its fingerprint. -p Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of creating a new private key. The program will prompt for the file containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for the new passphrase. -q Silence ssh-keygen. Used by /etc/rc.d/sshd when creating a new key. -y This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout. -t type Specifies the type of the key to create. The possible values are ``rsa1'' for protocol version 1 and ``rsa'' or ``dsa'' for proto- col version 2. -B Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key file. -C comment Provides the new comment. -D reader Download the RSA public key stored in the smartcard in reader. -G output_file Generate candidate primes for DH-GEX. These primes must be screened for safety (using the -T option) before use. -M memory Specify the amount of memory to use (in megabytes) when generat- ing candidate moduli for DH-GEX. -N new_passphrase Provides the new passphrase. -P passphrase Provides the (old) passphrase. -S start Specify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for DH-GEX. -T output_file Test DH group exchange candidate primes (generated using the -G option) for safety. -W generator Specify desired generator when testing candidate moduli for DH- GEX. -U reader Upload an existing RSA private key into the smartcard in reader. -v Verbose mode. Causes ssh-keygen to print debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful for debugging moduli genera- tion. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3. -r hostname Print the SSHFP fingerprint resource record named hostname for the specified public key file.
MODULI GENERATION
ssh-keygen may be used to generate groups for the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange (DH-GEX) protocol. Generating these groups is a two-step process: first, candidate primes are generated using a fast, but memory intensive process. These candidate primes are then tested for suitabil- ity (a CPU-intensive process). Generation of primes is performed using the -G option. The desired length of the primes may be specified by the -b option. For example: ssh-keygen -G moduli-2048.candidates -b 2048 By default, the search for primes begins at a random point in the desired length range. This may be overridden using the -S option, which speci- fies a different start point (in hex). Once a set of candidates have been generated, they must be tested for suitability. This may be performed using the -T option. In this mode ssh-keygen will read candidates from standard input (or a file specified using the -f option). For example: ssh-keygen -T moduli-2048 -f moduli-2048.candidates By default, each candidate will be subjected to 100 primality tests. This may be overridden using the -a option. The DH generator value will be chosen automatically for the prime under consideration. If a specific generator is desired, it may be requested using the -W option. Valid generator values are 2, 3 and 5. Screened DH groups may be installed in /etc/moduli. It is important that this file contains moduli of a range of bit lengths and that both ends of a connection share common moduli.
FILES
$HOME/.ssh/identity Contains the protocol version 1 RSA authentication identity of the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the user. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private key. ssh(1) will read this file when a login attempt is made. $HOME/.ssh/identity.pub Contains the protocol version 1 RSA public key for authentica- tion. The contents of this file should be added to $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to log in using RSA authentication. There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret. $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa Contains the protocol version 2 DSA authentication identity of the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the user. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private key. ssh(1) will read this file when a login attempt is made. $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa.pub Contains the protocol version 2 DSA public key for authentica- tion. The contents of this file should be added to $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to log in using public key authentication. There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret. $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa Contains the protocol version 2 RSA authentication identity of the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the user. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private key. ssh(1) will read this file when a login attempt is made. $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub Contains the protocol version 2 RSA public key for authentica- tion. The contents of this file should be added to $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to log in using public key authentication. There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret. /etc/moduli Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for DH-GEX. The file format is described in moduli(5).
SEE ALSO
ssh(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), moduli(5), sshd(8) J. Galbraith and R. Thayer, SECSH Public Key File Format, draft-ietf- secsh-publickeyfile-01.txt, March 2001, work in progress material.
AUTHORS
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and cre- ated OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. NetBSD 3.1 September 25, 1999 NetBSD 3.1
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