HIER(7) NetBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual HIER(7)
NAME
hier -- layout of file systems
DESCRIPTION
An outline of the file system hierarchy. Naming is very important. The UNIX System relies on filename conventions for much of its power as a system. The following file system layout describes generally where things are and what they are, with references to other man pages for more detailed documentation. Not all files will be in every system. / Root directory of the system. /COPYRIGHT System copyright notice, most often put on CD-ROM distribu- tions. /[a-z]/ User file systems. /altroot/ Alternate root file system, in case of disaster. /bin/ Utilities used in both single and multi-user environments. /boot* Second-stage boot loader(s) for some platforms; see installboot(8). /cdrom/ Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point for ISO-9660 file systems on CD (or DVD) media. /dev/ Block, character, and other special device files. MAKEDEV Script for creating device files; see makedev(8). console The computer's console device. drum The computer's swap space device; see drum(4). fd/ File descriptor files; see fd(4). klog Kernel logging device; see syslog(3). kmem Kernel virtual memory device; see mem(4). log UNIX domain datagram log socket; see syslogd(8). mem Kernel physical memory device; see mem(4). null The null device; see null(4). pts/ Mount point for the pseudo-terminal device file sys- tem; see mount_ptyfs(8). stderr stdin stdout File descriptor files; see fd(4). tty Device pointing to each process's own controlling terminal; see tty(4). zero The zero device; see zero(4). /etc/ System configuration files and scripts. amd* Configuration files for amd(8). changelist Files backed up by the security script. crontab Schedule used by the cron(8) daemon. csh.cshrc csh.login csh.logout System-wide scripts for csh(1). daily Script run each day by cron(8). daily.conf Configuration file for daily; see daily.conf(5). defaults/ Default configuration files read by various /etc/*.conf files. disktab Disk description file; see disktab(5). dm.conf Dungeon master configuration; see dm.conf(5). dumpdates Dump history; see dump(8). exports File system export information; see mountd(8). fstab File system mounting table; see fstab(5) and mount(8). ftpusers Users denied ftp(1) access; see ftpd(8). ftpwelcome ftp(1) initial message; see ftpd(8). gettytab Terminal configuration database; see gettytab(5). group Group permissions file; see group(5). hosts Host name database backup for named(8); see hosts(5). hosts.equiv Trusted machines with equivalent user IDs. (Obsolete.) hosts.lpd Trusted machines with printing privileges. inetd.conf Internet server configuration file; see inetd(8). kerberosV/ Configuration files for Kerberos version V; see kerberos(8). localtime Local time zone; see ctime(3). login.conf Configuration of user classes and limits; see login.conf(5). mail/ Configuration files for sendmail(1). aliases* Username alias files. sendmail.* sendmail(1) configuration informa- tion. mail.rc System-wide initialization script for mail(1). man.conf Configuration file for man(1); see man.conf(5). master.passwd Main password file, readable only by root; see passwd(5). mk.conf Optional file containing make(1) variables, used to configure pkgsrc and the system sources. monthly Script run each month by cron(8). monthly.conf Configuration file for monthly; see monthly.conf(5). motd System message of the day. mtree/ mtree(8) configuration files. named.* namedb/ named(8) configuration files and databases. netgroup Network groups; see netgroup(5). networks Network name database; see networks(5). openssl/ OpenSSL TLS trust anchors, configuration file, private keys, and more. Returned by X509_get_default_cert_area(3). certs/ Hashed directory of trust anchors for TLS certificate validation. Managed by certctl(8) according to certs.conf. See openssl_rehash(1). Returned by X509_get_default_cert_dir(3). certs/ca-certificates.crt Bundle of TLS anchors in PEM format formed by concatenation of PEM-format certificates. Managed by certctl(8) according to certs.conf. certs.conf Configuration file for certctl(8). misc/ Miscellaneous OpenSSL scripts. Unused in NetBSD base. openssl.cnf Optional default OpenSSL configuration file. See openssl_config(5). Returned by CONF_get1_default_config_file(3). private/ Private key area. Read/write/execute permitted only by root. Unused in NetBSD base. Returned by X509_get_default_private_dir(3). passwd World readable password file generated from master.passwd; see passwd(5), pwd_mkdb(8). phones Remote host telephone number data base; see phones(5). printcap Printer configuration for lpr(1); see printcap(5). profile System-wide scripts for sh(1). protocols Protocol name database; see protocols(5). pwd.db Database form of passwd file; see pwd_mkdb(8). rc Master system startup script invoked by init(8); see rc(8). rc.conf Configuration file for system startup and shut- down scripts; see rc.conf(5). rc.d/ Directory containing per-subsystem startup and shutdown scripts; see rc(8). rc.local Locally editable system startup script. rc.shutdown Master system shutdown script invoked by shutdown(8); see rc(8). remote Remote host description file; see remote(5). security Daily (in)security script run by cron(8). security.conf Configuration file for security; see security.conf(5). services Service name data base; see services(5). shells List of permitted shells; see shells(5). skel/ Sample initialization files for new user accounts. sliphome/ SLIP login/logout scripts; see sliplogin(8). spwd.db Database form of master.passwd file; see pwd_mkdb(8). syslog.conf syslogd(8) Configuration file; see syslog.conf(5). ttyaction Login hooks for specific ttys, typically used to chown console devices. See ttyaction(5). ttys Terminal initialization information; see ttys(5). weekly Script run each week by cron(8). weekly.conf Configuration file for weekly; see weekly.conf(5). /home/ Default location for user home directories. /kern/ Mount point for the kern file system; see mount_kernfs(8). /lib/ Dynamic linked libraries used by dynamically linked programs that cannot rely upon /usr/lib/ being available, such as those in /bin/ and /sbin/. /libdata/ Non-executable files (such as device firmware) required at boot time, when /usr/libdata may not be available. /libexec/ System utilities (such as the dynamic linker) required by pro- grams and libraries that cannot rely upon /usr/libexec/ being available. /mnt/ Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point. /net/ automounted NFS shares; see auto_master(5) /netbsd Kernel executable image (the operating system loaded into mem- ory at boot time). /proc/ Mount point for the process file system; see mount_procfs(8). /rescue/ Statically linked rescue tools, for use in system recovery. /root/ Home directory for the super-user. .cshrc Super-user start-up file for csh(1). .login super-user start-up file for csh(1). .profile super-user start-up file for sh(1). .rhosts Super-user id mapping between machines. (Obsolete.) /sbin/ System programs and administration utilities used in both sin- gle-user and multi-user environments. /stand/ Programs used in a standalone environment, that is, things that run on bare hardware without a kernel. Currently kernel modules are also placed here, although this remains somewhat controversial and they may yet get moved. /tmp/ Temporary files. The contents of /tmp are usually not pre- served across a system reboot. /usr/ Contains the majority of the system utilities and files. X11R7/ X11 files (for X11 revision 7). bin/ X11 binaries. include/ X11 include files. lib/ X11 libraries. bin/ Common utilities, programming tools, and applica- tions. games/ The important stuff. include/ Standard C (and extension) include files. arpa/ Include files for Internet service pro- tocols. atf/ Include files for the Automated Testing Framework; see atf(7). g++/ Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. machine/ Machine specific include files. net/ Miscellaneous network include files. netatalk/ C include files for AppleTalk protocols see atalk(4). netinet/ Include files for Internet standard pro- tocols; see inet(4). netinet6/ Include files for Internet protocol ver- sion 6; see inet6(4). netipsec/ Include files for secret key management, used for security protocols; see ipsec(4). nfs/ C include files for NFS (Network File System). protocols/ C include files for Berkeley service protocols. sys/ ``System-level'' C include files. ufs/ C include files for several mutually related file systems. (The `u' was originally for UNIX.) lib/ Archive, profiled, position independent archive, and shared libraries. lua/ 5.3/ Lua 5.3 modules. libdata/ Miscellaneous utility data files. libexec/ System daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs). mdec/ Boot blocks, etc. obj/ Architecture-specific target tree produced by build- ing the /usr/src tree; often a symbolic link or mounted file system. pkg/ Installed third-party software packages. bin/ Package binaries. etc/ Package configuration files. include/ Package include files. lib/ Package libraries. libdata/ Package data files. libexec/ Package daemons. sbin/ Package system utilities. pkgsrc/ Build descriptions (packaging) for the NetBSD pack- age system. distfiles/ Downloaded upstream source archives. packages/ Compiled binary packages. There are also several other subdirectories which contain packages of a certain category, e.g., archivers, graphics, ... sbin/ System daemons and system utilities (normally exe- cuted by the super-user). share/ Architecture-independent files, mostly text. calendar/ A variety of calendar files; see calendar(1). dict/ Word lists; see look(1) and spell(1). words Common words. web2 Words from Webster's Second International Dictionary. papers/ Reference databases; see refer(1). special/ Custom word lists; see spell(1). doc/ Miscellaneous documentation. games/ Data files used by various games. i18n/ internationalization databases; see iconv(3). locale/ Locale databases and gettext message cat- alogs; see setlocale(3) and gettext(3). man/ Manual pages. me/ Macros for use with the me(7) roff macro package. misc/ Miscellaneous system-wide text files. terminfo Terminal characteristics database; see terminfo(5). terminfo.cdb database form of terminfo file; see tic(1). mk/ Include files for make(1). ms/ Macros for use with the ms(7) roff macro package. nls/ Message catalogs; see catgets(3). tmac/ Text processing macros; see nroff(1) and troff(1). zoneinfo/ Time zone database; see tzfile(5). tests/ Test programs; see tests(7) for information on how to run them. /usr/src/ NetBSD and local source files. bin/ Source for utilities/files in /bin. common/ Sources shared between kernel and userland. crypto/ Cryptographic source, which may have import or export restrictions. dist/ Third-party `virgin' source code, referenced by other parts of the source tree. (Deprecated; use external/ instead.) distrib/ Tools and data files for making NetBSD releases and distributions. doc/ Documentation about the source tree (i.e., about the tree, not about how to use the software in the tree.) etc/ Source (usually example files) for files in /etc. external/ Source for programs from external third parties (where NetBSD is the not the primary maintainer), grouped by license, and then products per license. apache2/ Apache 2.0 license. bsd/ BSD (or equivalent) licensed software, possibly with the ``advertising clause''. broadcom/ Broadcom firmware license. cddl/ Common Development and Distribu- tion License (the Sun license which is based on the Mozilla Public License version 1.1). gpl2/ GNU Public License, version 2 (or earlier). gpl3/ GNU Public License, version 3. historical/ Lucent's old license. ibm-public/ IBM's public license. intel-fw-eula/ Intel firmware license with redistribution restricted to OEM. intel-fw-public/ Intel firmware license permitting redistribution with terms similar to BSD licensed software. intel-public/ Intel license permitting redis- tribution with terms similar to BSD licensed software. lgpl3/ GNU lesser general public license, version 3. mit/ MIT (X11) style license. mpl/ Mozilla Public License. zlib/ BSD-like zlib license. games/ Source for utilities/files in /usr/games. include/ Source for files in /usr/include. lib/ Source for libraries in /usr/lib. libexec/ Source for utilities/files in /usr/libexec. regress/ Various legacy regression tests. rescue/ Source/makefiles for /rescue. sbin/ Source for utilities/files in /sbin. share/ Source for files in /usr/share. doc/ papers/ Source for various historical tech- nical papers (many from Berkeley). psd/ Source for Programmer's Supplemen- tary Documents. smm/ Source for System Manager's Manual. usd/ Source for User's Supplementary Doc- uments. sys/ Kernel source files. arch/ Architecture-specific support. acorn32/ Acorn RiscPC/A7000 and VLSI RC7500. algor/ Algorithmics Ltd. MIPS evaluations boards. alpha/ Digital/Compaq Alpha. amd64/ Computers with x86_64 capable CPUs. amiga/ Commodore Amiga and MacroSystem DraCo. amigappc/ PowerPC based Amiga boards. arc/ MIPS-based machines following the Advanced RISC Computing spec. arm/ ARM processor general support. atari/ Atari TT030, Falcon and Hades. bebox/ Be Inc. BeBox. cats/ Chalice Technology's CATS and Intel's EBSA-285 evaluation boards. cesfic/ CES FIC8234 VME proces- sor board. cobalt/ Cobalt Networks' MIPS- based Microserver. dreamcast/ Sega Dreamcast game console. emips/ Machines based on Extensible MIPS. evbarm/ ARM based evaluation boards. evbmips/ MIPS based evaluation boards. evbppc/ PowerPC based evalua- tion boards and appli- ances. evbsh3/ SH3/SH4 based evalua- tion boards. ews4800mips/ NEC's MIPS based EWS4800 workstations. hp300/ Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and 400 680x0-based worksta- tions. hppa/ Hewlett-Packard 9000/700 and 9000/800 HPPA based worksta- tions. hpcarm/ StrongARM based WinCE PDA machines. hpcmips/ MIPS based WinCE PDA machines. hpcsh/ Hitachi SH3/4 based WinCE PDA machines. hppa/ HPPA processor general support. i386/ 32-bit 80x86-based IBM PCs and clones. ibmnws/ IBM Network Station 1000. iyonix/ Castle Technology's Iyonix ARM based PCs. luna68k/ Omron Tateishi Elec- tric's 680x0-based LUNA workstations. m68k/ 680x0 processor general support. mac68k/ Apple Macintosh with 68k CPU. macppc/ Apple Power Macintosh and clones. mips/ MIPS processor general support. mipsco/ MIPS Computer Systems Inc. family of worksta- tions and servers. mmeye/ Brains Inc. SH3 based mmEye multimedia server. mvme68k/ Motorola MVME 680x0-based SBCs. mvmeppc/ Motorola PowerPC VME SBCs. netwinder/ StrongARM based NetWinder machines. news68k/ Sony's 680x0-based NEWS workstations. newsmips/ Sony's MIPS-based NEWS workstations. next68k/ NeXT 68k "black" hard- ware. ofppc/ Open Firmware PowerPC workstations. playstation2/ SONY PlayStation 2. pmax/ Digital MIPS-based DEC- stations and DECsys- tems. powerpc/ PowerPC processor gen- eral support. prep/ PReP (PowerPC Reference Platform) and CHRP (Common Hardware Refer- ence Platform) machines. sandpoint/ Motorola Sandpoint ref- erence platform. sbmips/ Broadcom/SiByte evalua- tion boards. sgimips/ Silicon Graphics' MIPS- based workstations. sh3/ SH3/SH4 processor gen- eral support. shark/ Digital DNARD ("Shark"). sparc/ Sun Microsystems SPARC (32-bit) and UltraSPARC (in 32-bit mode). sparc64/ Sun Microsystems Ultra- SPARC (in native 64-bit mode). sun2/ Sun Microsystems 68010-based Sun 2 architecture. sun3/ Sun Microsystems 68020/68030-based Sun 3/3x architecture. sun68k/ 680x0-based Sun archi- tecture general sup- port. vax/ Digital VAX. x68k/ Sharp X680x0 680x0-based worksta- tions. x86/ General support for PC/AT compatibles with ia32 or x86_64 CPUs. xen/ The Xen virtual machine monitor. zaurus/ Sharp C3x00 Arm based PDA. compat/ Kernel compatibility modules direc- tory. common/ Common compatibility rou- tines, old 4BSD and NetBSD routines. freebsd/ Support for FreeBSD bina- ries; see compat_freebsd(8). hpux/ Support for 68000 HP-UX binaries. linux/ Support for Linux binaries; see compat_linux(8). m68k4k/ Support for 4KB page 68000 binaries. netbsd32/ Support for NetBSD 32-bit binaries on 64 bit plat- forms with compatible CPU families. ossaudio/ Support for OSS audio. sunos/ Support for SunOS 4.x bina- ries; see compat_sunos(8). ultrix/ Support for ULTRIX bina- ries. vax1k/ Support for older VAX bina- ries that started on a 1 KB boundary. conf/ Architecture independent configuration directory. crypto/ Cryptographic kernel source, which may have import or export restrictions. ddb/ In-kernel debugger. dev/ Architecture independent device sup- port. fs/ File systems. See also ufs/ and miscfs/. adosfs/ AmigaDOS file-system sup- port; see mount_ados(8). cd9660/ Support for the ISO-9660 file system; see mount_cd9660(8). filecorefs/ Support for the Acorn RISC OS filecore file system; see mount_filecore(8). msdosfs/ MS-DOS file system; see mount_msdos(8). ntfs/ NTFS file system support; see mount_ntfs(8). ptyfs/ Pseudo-terminal device file system; see mount_ptyfs(8). union/ Union file system; see mount_union(8). gdbscripts/ Support for accessing kernel struc- tures from within the debugger gdb(1). kern/ Primary kernel source code. lib/ Libraries supporting the kernel. libkern/ C library routines used in the kernel. libsa/ Machine-independent stand- alone library, used by boot loaders. libz/ Compression library. miscfs/ More file systems. deadfs/ Kernel only dead file system. fdesc/ File descriptor file system; see mount_fdesc(8). fifofs/ POSIX FIFO (named pipe) sup- port. genfs/ Generic file system code that supports other file systems. kernfs/ Kernel namespace file system; see mount_kernfs(8). nullfs/ Loop back file system; see mount_null(8). overlay/ Overlay file system; see mount_overlay(8). procfs/ Process file system; see mount_procfs(8). specfs/ Support for block and charac- ter special files. syncfs/ Kernel trickle sync algo- rithm. umapfs/ User and group re-mapping file system; see mount_umap(8). net/ Miscellaneous networking support. netatalk/ AppleTalk networking support. netinet/ IP networking support. netinet6/ IPv6 networking support. netipsec/ Key database for IPsec networking sup- port. nfs/ NFS (network file system) support, both client and server. stand/ Kernel standalone support. sys/ Kernel (and system) include files. ufs/ Still more file systems. chfs/ A FFS-based file system for use on raw flash. ext2fs/ The Linux ext2 file system. ffs/ The Berkeley Fast File System. lfs/ The Berkeley log-structured file system. mfs/ The in-memory file system. ufs/ Shared UNIX file system support. uvm/ UVM virtual memory system. tests/ Source for test programs in /usr/tests. usr.bin/ Source for utilities/files in /usr/bin. usr.sbin/ Source for utilities/files in /usr/sbin. /var/ Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. account/ System accounting files. acct Execution accounting file; see acct(5). at/ Timed command scheduling files; see at(1). backups/ Miscellaneous backup files, largely of files found in /etc. chroot/ Home directories of applications which are run in a chroot(8) ``cage''. crash/ System (kernel) crash dumps; see savecore(8). cron/ Scheduled commands configuration files; see cron(8) and crontab(5). db/ Miscellaneous automatically generated system-spe- cific database files, and persistent files used in the maintenance of third party software. pkg Default location for metadata related to third party software packages. See pkg_add(1) for more details of the NetBSD Packages Collection, or pkgsrc. games/ Miscellaneous game status, log, and high score files. heimdal/ Kerberos 5 KDC database; see kdc(8). log/ Miscellaneous system log files. amd.* amd(8) logs. daily.out Output of the last run of the /etc/daily script. ftp.* ftp(1) logs. kerberos.* kerberos(8) logs. lastlog System last-time-logged-in database; see utmp(5). lpd-errs.* Printer daemon error logs; see lpd(8). maillog.* sendmail(1) and postfix(1) (and other mail-related) log files. messages.* General system information log. monthly.out Output of the last run of the /etc/monthly script. secure Sensitive security information log. sendmail.st sendmail(1) statistics. timed.* timed(8) logs. weekly.out Output of the last run of the /etc/weekly script. wtmp Login and logout log; see utmp(5). wtmpx Another login and logout log; see utmpx(5). mail/ User e-mail inboxes. msgs/ System messages; see msgs(1). preserve/ Temporary home of files preserved after an acciden- tal death of ex(1) or vi(1). quotas/ File system quota information. (Legacy.) run/ System information files, rebuilt after each reboot. dmesg.boot A dump from dmesg(8) taken at boot time. utmp Database of currently logged in users; see utmp(5). utmpx Another database of currently logged in users; see utmpx(5). rwho/ Rwho data files; see rwhod(8), rwho(1), and ruptime(1). spool/ Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. ftp/ Commonly ``~ftp'', the anonymous ftp root directory; see ftpd(8). mqueue/ Sendmail mail queue; see sendmail(1). news/ Network news archival and spooling direc- tories. output/ Printer spooling directories. postfix/ Postfix mail queue; see postfix(1). tmp/ Temporary files that are not discarded between sys- tem reboots. vi.recover/ Recovery directory for new (current) vi(1). yp/ Databases and configuration for the NIS (YP) sys- tem; see nis(8).
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), ls(1), whatis(1), whereis(1), which(1), paths(3)
HISTORY
A hier manual page appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. NetBSD 10.1 May 12, 2020 NetBSD 10.1
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