carp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages

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CARP(4)                 NetBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual                CARP(4)


NAME

     carp -- Common Address Redundancy Protocol


SYNOPSIS

     pseudo-device carp


DESCRIPTION

     The carp interface is a pseudo-device which implements and controls the
     CARP protocol.  carp allows multiple hosts on the same local network to
     share a set of IP addresses.  Its primary purpose is to ensure that these
     addresses are always available, but in some configurations carp can also
     provide load balancing functionality.

     A carp interface can be created at runtime using the ifconfig carpN
     create command.

     To use carp, the administrator needs to configure at minimum a common
     virtual host ID and virtual host IP address on each machine which is to
     take part in the virtual group.  Additional parameters can also be set on
     a per-interface basis: advbase and advskew, which are used to control how
     frequently the host sends advertisements when it is the master for a vir-
     tual host, and pass which is used to authenticate carp advertisements.
     Finally carpdev is used to specify which interface the carp device
     attaches to.  If unspecified, the kernel attempts to set carpdev by look-
     ing for another interface with the same subnet.  These configurations can
     be done using ifconfig(8), or through the SIOCSVH ioctl.

     Additionally, there are a number of global parameters which can be set
     using sysctl(8):

     net.inet.carp.allow         Accept incoming carp packets.  Enabled by
                                 default.

     net.inet.carp.preempt       Allow virtual hosts to preempt each other.
                                 It is also used to failover carp interfaces
                                 as a group.  When the option is enabled and
                                 one of the carp enabled physical interfaces
                                 goes down, advskew is changed to 240 on all
                                 carp interfaces.  See also the first example.
                                 Disabled by default.

     net.inet.carp.log           Log bad carp packets.  Disabled by default.

     net.inet.carp.arpbalance    Balance local traffic using ARP.  Disabled by
                                 default.


EXAMPLES

     For firewalls and routers with multiple interfaces, it is desirable to
     failover all of the carp interfaces together, when one of the physical
     interfaces goes down.  This is achieved by the preempt option.  Enable it
     on both host A and B:

           # sysctl -w net.inet.carp.preempt=1

     Assume that host A is the preferred master and 192.168.1.x/24 is config-
     ured on one physical interface and 192.168.2.y/24 on another.  This is
     the setup for host A:

           # ifconfig carp0 create
           # ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass mekmitasdigoat 192.168.1.1 \
                   netmask 255.255.255.0
           # ifconfig carp1 create
           # ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass mekmitasdigoat 192.168.2.1 \
                   netmask 255.255.255.0

     The setup for host B is identical, but it has a higher advskew:

           # ifconfig carp0 create
           # ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 advskew 100 pass mekmitasdigoat \
                   192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
           # ifconfig carp1 create
           # ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 advskew 100 pass mekmitasdigoat \
                   192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0

     Because of the preempt option, when one of the physical interfaces of
     host A fails, advskew is adjusted to 240 on all its carp interfaces.
     This will cause host B to preempt on both interfaces instead of just the
     failed one.

     In order to set up an ARP balanced virtual host, it is necessary to con-
     figure one virtual host for each physical host which would respond to ARP
     requests and thus handle the traffic.  In the following example, two vir-
     tual hosts are configured on two hosts to provide balancing and failover
     for the IP address 192.168.1.10.

     First the carp interfaces on Host A are configured.  The advskew of 100
     on the second virtual host means that its advertisements will be sent out
     slightly less frequently.

           # ifconfig carp0 create
           # ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 pass mekmitasdigoat 192.168.1.10 \
                   netmask 255.255.255.0
           # ifconfig carp1 create
           # ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 advskew 100 pass mekmitasdigoat \
                   192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

     The configuration for host B is identical, except the skew is on virtual
     host 1 rather than virtual host 2.

           # ifconfig carp0 create
           # ifconfig carp0 vhid 1 advskew 100 pass mekmitasdigoat \
                   192.168.1.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
           # ifconfig carp1 create
           # ifconfig carp1 vhid 2 pass mekmitasdigoat 192.168.1.10 \
                   netmask 255.255.255.0

     Finally, the ARP balancing feature must be enabled on both hosts:

           # sysctl -w net.inet.carp.arpbalance=1

     When the hosts receive an ARP request for 192.168.1.10, the source IP
     address of the request is used to compute which virtual host should
     answer the request.  The host which is master of the selected virtual
     host will reply to the request, the other(s) will ignore it.

     This way, locally connected systems will receive different ARP replies
     and subsequent IP traffic will be balanced among the hosts.  If one of
     the hosts fails, the other will take over the virtual MAC address, and
     begin answering ARP requests on its behalf.

     Note: ARP balancing only works on the local network segment.  It cannot
     balance traffic that crosses a router, because the router itself will
     always be balanced to the same virtual host.


SEE ALSO

     netstat(1), sysctl(3), arp(4), arp(8), ifconfig(8), sysctl(8)


HISTORY

     The carp device first appeared in OpenBSD 3.5.

NetBSD 10.1                    October 12, 2020                    NetBSD 10.1