tr(1)
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TR(1) NetBSD Reference Manual TR(1)
NAME
tr - translate characters
SYNOPSIS
tr [-cs] string1 string2
tr [-c] -d string1
tr [-c] -s string1
tr [-c] -ds string1 string2
DESCRIPTION
The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with sub-
stitution or deletion of selected characters.
The following options are available:
-c Complements the set of characters in string1, that is ``-c ab''
includes every character except for ``a'' and ``b''.
-d The -d option causes characters to be deleted from the input.
-s The -s option squeezes multiple occurrences of the characters
listed in the last operand (either string1 or string2) in the in-
put into a single instance of the character. This occurs after
all deletion and translation is completed.
In the first synopsis form, the characters in string1 are translated into
the characters in string2 where the first character in string1 is trans-
lated into the first character in string2 and so on. If string1 is
longer than string2, the last character found in string2 is duplicated
until string1 is exhausted.
In the second synopsis form, the characters in string1 are deleted from
the input.
In the third synopsis form, the characters in string1 are compressed as
described for the -s option.
In the fourth synopsis form, the characters in string1 are deleted from
the input, and the characters in string2 are compressed as described for
the -s option.
The following conventions can be used in string1 and string2 to specify
sets of characters:
character Any character not described by one of the following conven-
tions represents itself.
\octal A backslash followed by 1, 2 or 3 octal digits represents a
character with that encoded value. To follow an octal se-
quence with a digit as a character, left zero-pad the octal
sequence to the full 3 octal digits.
\character
A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to
special values.
\a <alert character>
\b <backspace>
\f <form-feed>
\n <newline>
\r <carriage return>
\t <tab>
\v <vertical tab>
A backslash followed by any other character maps to that char-
acter.
c-c Represents the range of characters between the range end-
points, inclusively.
[:class:] Represents all characters belonging to the defined character
class. Class names are:
alnum <alphanumeric characters>
alpha <alphabetic characters>
blank <blank characters>
cntrl <control characters>
digit <numeric characters>
graph <graphic characters>
lower <lower-case alphabetic characters>
print <printable characters>
punct <punctuation characters>
space <space characters>
upper <upper-case characters>
xdigit <hexadecimal characters>
With the exception of the ``upper'' and ``lower'' classes,
characters in the classes are in unspecified order. In the
``upper'' and ``lower'' classes, characters are entered in as-
cending order.
For specific information as to which ASCII characters are in-
cluded in these classes, see ctype(3) and related manual
pages.
[=equiv=] Represents all characters or collating (sorting) elements be-
longing to the same equivalence class as equiv. If there is a
secondary ordering within the equivalence class, the charac-
ters are ordered in ascending sequence. Otherwise, they are
ordered after their encoded values. An example of an equiva-
lence class might be ``c'' and ``ch'' in Spanish; English has
no equivalence classes.
[#*n] Represents n repeated occurrences of the character represented
by #. This expression is only valid when it occurs in
string2. If n is omitted or is zero, it is be interpreted as
large enough to extend string2 sequence to the length of
string1. If n has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an oc-
tal value, otherwise, it's interpreted as a decimal value.
The tr utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
Create a list of the words in file1, one per line, where a word is taken
to be a maximal string of letters.
tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "\n" < file1
Translate the contents of file1 to upper-case.
tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" < file1
Strip out non-printable characters from file1.
tr -cd "[:print:]" < file1
COMPATIBILITY
System V has historically implemented character ranges using the syntax
``[c-c]'' instead of the ``c-c'' used by historic BSD implementations and
standardized by POSIX. AT&T System V UNIX shell scripts should work un-
der this implementation as long as the range is intended to map in anoth-
er range, i.e. the command ``tr [a-z] [A-Z]'' will work as it will map
the ``['' character in string1 to the ``['' character in string2. Howev-
er, if the shell script is deleting or squeezing characters as in the
command ``tr -d [a-z]'', the characters ``['' and ``]'' will be included
in the deletion or compression list which would not have happened under
an historic System V implementation. Additionally, any scripts that de-
pended on the sequence ``a-z'' to represent the three characters ``a'',
``-'' and ``z'' will have to be rewritten as ``a\-z''.
The tr utility has historically not permitted the manipulation of NUL
bytes in its input and, additionally, stripped NUL's from its input
stream. This implementation has removed this behavior as a bug.
The tr utility has historically been extremely forgiving of syntax er-
rors, for example, the -c and -s options were ignored unless two strings
were specified. This implementation will not permit illegal syntax.
STANDARDS
The tr utility is expected to be IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') compati-
ble. It should be noted that the feature wherein the last character of
string2 is duplicated if string2 has less characters than string1 is per-
mitted by POSIX but is not required. Shell scripts attempting to be
portable to other POSIX systems should use the ``[#*]'' convention in-
stead of relying on this behavior.
NetBSD 1.6 June 6, 1993 3
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